A greenhouse gas inventory model based on standardisation and digitalisation for general contractors’ construction sites

Abstract

The construction sector accounts for 34-39% of global CO₂ emissions, exerting pressure regarding regulatory compliance and green transition for general contractors. Greenhouse gas (GHG) inventory at construction sites faces challenges due to mobile and temporary emission sources and fragmented subcontractor data. This article proposes an integrated GHG inventory model combining content standardizsation and process digitalisation for general contractors. The methodological framework employs a five-step process, standardising emission boundaries (Scopes 1, 2, and 3) in accordance with international standards (GHG Protocol, ISO 14064-1:2018) and Vietnamese regulations. The model operates online using a three-dimensional matrix architecture (Project - Inventory Period - Emission Source) on a six-month cycle. Empirical application at Coteccons Construction Joint Stock Company demonstrates that emission intensity ranges from 450 to 1,000 kg CO₂e/m², which is compatible with the Southeast Asian benchmark and strives towards the 2030 carbon targets of the Royal Institute of British Architects (RIBA). The study confirms the model’s feasibility in eliminating the field data gap, enabling online synchronisation of information flows from construction sites to headquarters to replace manual reporting. Thereby, it provides a scientific basis to support construction enterprises in formulating green construction strategies and realising Net-zero targets.