Formatting guide

REFERENCING STYLE

Manuscripts submitted to the Vietnam Journal of Science and Technology - MOST (the Journal) must be original (not previously published). Authors are not allowed to submit manuscripts to other journals until the Editorial Board's decision.
Manuscripts are not longer than 10 pages (including tables, notes, references and appendices); font: Times New Roman; font-size: 13; paper size: A4; top margin: 2 cm, bottom margin: 2 cm, left margin: 3 cm, right margin: 2 cm.
Manuscripts submitted to the Journal in soft files via online submission, or via email: khoahocvacongnghevietnam@most.gov.vn, or directly to the office address (Room 507, No.113 Tran Duy Hung street, Trung Hoa ward, Cau Giay district, Hanoi, Vietnam).
Title
The title is written in Vietnamese and English, on the front page of your manuscript, not underlined or italicised.
The title must be short, clear and consistent with the content of your manuscript.
The author's name without titles and degrees is below your manuscript’s title. If there are many authors working at different organisations, the authors’ names are marked with numbers superscripted (1,2...). The asterisk (*) indicates the corresponding author’s contact detail, written at the bottom of the front page. When listing institutions, kindly provide the institution name, street, district, city, country (in both Vietnamese and English).
Abstract
Abstract is written in both Vietnamese and English (about 160-250 words). The abstract states the main purpose, method, research results and major conclusions. Keywords are in both Vietnamese and English in accordance with the alphabetical order (at least 3 keywords). Classification number follows the instructions below.
Classification scheme
1.    Natural sciences
1.1.    Mathematics and statistics
1.2.    Computer and Information science
1.3.    Physics
1.4.    Chemistry
1.5.    Earth and environmental science
1.6.    Life science
1.7.    Nanoscience
1.8.    Computational science
1.9.    Other areas of natural sciences
2.    Engineering and technological sciences
2.1.    Civil engineering: architecture; construction engineering; structure and urban engineering; transportation engineering; irrigation engineering; geotechnical engineering
2.2.    Electrical engineering, electronic engineering, information engineering
2.3.    Mechanical engineering, manufacturing engineering
2.4.    Chemical engineering
2.5.    Materials engineering and metallurgy
2.6.    Medical engineering
2.7.    Environmental engineering
2.8.    Biotechnology in industry
2.9.    Nanotechnology
2.10.    Food and beverage engineering
2.11.    Other areas of engineering and technological sciences
3.    Medical and pharmacological sciences
3.1.    Basic medicine
3.2.    Clinical medicine
3.3.    Preventive medicine
3.4.    Pharmacy
3.5.    Other areas of medical and pharmacological sciences
4.    Agricultural sciences
4.1.    Cultivation
4.2.    Breeding
4.3.    Veterinary medicine
4.4.    Forestry
4.5.    Aquaculture
4.6.    Biotechnology in agriculture and aquaculture
4.7.    Other areas of agricultural sciences
5.    Social sciences and humanities
5.1.    Psychology
5.2.    Economics and business
5.3.    Education science
5.4.    Sociology
5.5.    Law
5.6.    Political science
5.7.    Social and economic geography
5.8.    Mass communication and media
5.9.    History and archaeology
5.10.    Linguistics and literature
5.11.    Philosophy, morality and religion
5.12.    International studies and area studies
5.13.    Other areas of social sciences and humanities
1. Introduction
The introduction includes an overview of research published previously (nationally and internationally), states the research objectives, and explains the selection of the research topic to highlight the topical, scientific and necessary aspects of the research topic.
2. Subject/material(s) and method(s)
The selection criteria and characteristics of the research subjects/material(s) should be presented in this section.
The research methodology should clearly state the research approach, type of research, formulas for calculating sample sizes, methods of data processing and a thorough description of techniques conducted in the research.
3. Results
The manuscript presents fully and objectively the results obtained from the study, these results must serve the research objectives. The data and numbers must be accurate and match each other.
The results section only presents the research results of the topic, without explanation, comparison and discussion.
4. Discussion (can be merged with conclusions)
This section mainly gives discussions on issues related to the research objectives.
It presents objective comments and evaluation of the research results, and a comparison with other authors’ works to confirm or negate existing knowledge, thereby raising new points and contributions to the topic.
It also forecasts further research directions and the ability to apply the research results into practice.
5. Conclusions
The Conclusions section states the main research results related to the research objectives and the recommendation for further study.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS (if any)

This section is for the researchers who were funded for the research projects, and it should enclose all sources of financial support.

APPENDICES (if any)

The appendices should ideally be under 1000 words (approximately 2 A4 pages) for printing version. With longer appendices, they are only accepted for online publication.
Footnotes and references
Footnotes are numbered in the order they appear (1, 2, 3...) and displayed at the bottom of the page.
References are numbered in the order they appear to indicate where they are cited in the text. The numbers are given in square brackets, for example: [3] for one reference or [2, 5, 7-9] with multiple references.
Author(s) (Year of publication), "Title of reference", Source, Volume(Number), page numbers, DOI (if any), URL (if any), accessed date (in its original language if not English).
Author: The author/authors of the reference or cited work. List full author names (initials come first) for references with ≤3 authors; List the first 3 authors followed by “et al.” when there are 4 or more authors.
Year of publication: The year when the reference was published.
“Title of reference”: The title of reference should be written with the first letter of the first word capitalised and all subsequent words should be written in lowercase (with the exception of proper nouns and after the colon), and in quotes.
Source: It can be the journal title, the book title, or the title of the original document. Source should be written with every major word capitalised (in italics).
Volume(Number): For the cited source that is a journal (in bold).
Page numbers/First page-last page: The page numbers that reflect the residence of the cited document in the source.
Note: If there are more than or equal to 2 references published by the same first author and in the same year, these references need to be marked with “a, b...” after publication year (for example: 1986a, 1986b…).
If there are several references that have different page numbers in the same article, page numbers should be added too, for example: A. Amber (1982, p.39).
For detailed instructions, kindly visit: https://b.vjst.vn/index.php/ban_b/quy-dinh-bai-viet.

Other requirements
The rejected manuscript will not be returned to the author(s).
A manuscript will be published only after reviewers give evaluations on the quality of the manuscript and accept to publish it.
Copyright: The author(s) agree(s) to give the copyright of the article (including the abstract) to the Journal.

REFERENCING STYLE

Please keep in mind: Vietnam Journal of Science and Technology - MOST (VJST) is a multidisciplinary and interdisciplinary journal, for that reason, the reference styles might vary across disciplines. VJST uses the Harvard referencing style with modification, please refer to the detailed rules below to format references before submitting your manuscript.

  1. In-text citation

Include an in-text citation when you refer to, summarise, paraphrase, or quote from another source. For every in-text citation in your article, there must be a corresponding entry in your reference list. References should be cited in the bracket with a number, for example [1]. Multiple reference citations are separated by commas, for example [2, 3] or if a series, dashes [4-6].

When citing sources with the author(s) and the year, they should be shortened to the first author’s name, followed by et al. (with more than one author) and the year. For example, C.T. Zhang, et al. (2019) or C. Wang (2020).

When citing a source of organization(s), provide the name of the organization(s) (full or abbreviation) and the year. For example, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (2017) or FAO (2020).

  1. Reference list

References are numbered in the order they appear to indicate where they are cited in the text. The numbers are given in square brackets, for example: ([1], [2], [3]…). Format each entry in your reference list using a first-line indent.

Note: Some of the below components can be unavailable for some real types of sources but try to provide as much information as possible concerning authorship, availability, and identification of the sources.

  1. Journal

Initial(s) and first/last name of the author(s) (Year of publication), "Title of journal article", Title of Journal, Volume(Number) (if any), page numbers (if any), DOI (if any), URL and accessed date (if any) (in its original language if not English).

For example:

          [1] L.L. Liu, S. Sun, L. Zhang, et al. (2022), “Distribution of Chlamydia trachomatis ompA genotypes and its association with abnormal cervical cytology among women of reproductive age in Shenzhen, China”, Frontiers in Public Health, 10, DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2022.1036264.

          [2] B.T. Beni, H. Motamedi, M.R. Ardakani (2010), “Genotyping  of  the  prevalent Chlamydia  trachomatis  strains involved in cervical infections in women in Ahvaz, Iran”, Journal of  Medical  Microbiology, 59(9), pp.1023-1028, DOI: 10.1099/jmm.0.016717-0.

In which:

Initial(s) and first/last name of the author(s): The author(s) of the reference or cited work. With less than or equal to three authors, list all the author(s). With more than three authors, the first three should be listed and followed by et al.

For example: L.L. Liu, S. Sun, L. Zhang, et al. if there are more than three authors; B.M. Shun if there is only one author.

Year of publication (given in parentheses): The year when the reference was published.

For example: (2000) for work published in 2000.

“Title of journal article”: Title of journal article should be written with the first letter of the first word capitalised and all subsequent words should be written in lowercase (with the exception of proper nouns and after the colon), and in quotes.

For example: Article entitled Differences In Clinical Manifestations of Genital Chlamydial Infections  Related to Serovars should be cited as “Differences  in  clinical  manifestations  of  genital chlamydial  infections  related  to  serovars”.

Title of Journal: The journal title (full or abbreviation) should be written with every major word capitalised (in italics). To find the correct abbreviations for journal names to use in your citations, consult the Bibliographic Guide for Editors and Authors (BGEA) or Serial Sources for the BIOSIS. When in doubt, provide the full title of a journal.

For example: Journal of sustainable tourism should be cited as Journal of Medical Microbiology or J. Med. Microbiol.

Volume(Number) (if any): Volume or volume and number (number in parentheses) of the journal should be written in bold.

For example: Volume 61, number 2 should be cited as 61(2); Volume 3 should be cited as 3.

Page numbers: pp.first page-last page of the article cited or the total number of pages (number+pp) (if any).

For example: The article referred to from page 25 to page 30 should be cited as pp.25-30; 20pp if total number of pages are 20.

When citing different and non-continuous pages, list separate page numbers. For example: p.15, p.27, p.40 if referred to pages 15, 27, and 40 of the same article.

DOI: DOI number of the reference (if any).

For example: DOI: 10.1099/jmm.0.016717-0.

URL and accessed date (if any): For example: https://www.uspharmacist.com/article/hypertensive-crises-urgencies-and-emergencies, accessed 12 June 2019.

References in languages other than English must be translated into English and indicate the original language in parentheses at the end of a reference.

For example: (in Thai) used for the reference written in Thai, (in Vietnamese) used for the reference written in Vietnamese...

Note:

If references by the same author(s) are in the same year, then the in-text citations need to add a letter after the year. The alphabet order corresponds to their order in the reference list.

For example: (2020a) and (2020b) are used when citing two different articles published in 2020 by the same author(s).

When citing different pages in different references, but having the same article by the same author, in the same year, provide the specific page number.

For example: Wallin (1982, p.40) and Wallin (1982, p.45) when there are two references citing pages 40 and 45, respectively in the same article written by Wallin.

If multiple works published in different years by the same author, list separate citations for each work.

  1. Book

Initial(s) and first/last name of the author(s)/editor(s) (Year of publication), “Chapter of book” (if any), Title of Book, Name of Publisher, page numbers (if any), DOI (if any), URL and accessed date (if any) (in its original language if not English).

For example:

          [1] L.  Taiz, E. Zeiger (2002), Plant Physiology (3rd Ed.), Sinauer Associates, Sunderland, USA, 675pp.

          [2] N.X. Linh (1998), Flowers and Flower Growing Techniques, Agricultural Publishing House, 140pp (in Vietnamese).

In which:

Initial(s) and first/last name of the author(s): The author(s) of the reference or cited work. With less than or equal to three authors, list all the author(s). With more than three authors, the first three should be listed and followed by et al.

For example: G. Minerva, S. Kumar, B.I. Shu, et al. if there are more than three authors; J.C.  Cardoso if there is only one author.

For books with anonymous or no author, use the editor’s name instead (add Editor(s) or Ed(s). after the last editor's name).

For example: A. Sharifi, A. Bagheri (Editors/Ed(s).) are used when citing book without author.

Year of publication (given in parentheses): The year when the reference was published.

For example: (1997) for work published in 1997.

“Chapter of book”: Title of chapter of book should be written with the first letter of the first word capitalised and all subsequent words should be written in lowercase (with the exception of proper nouns and after the colon), and in quotes.

For example: Book chapter entitled Bacteria for Biological Control of Plant Diseases should be cited as “Bacteria for biological control of plant diseases”.

Title of Book: The book title (full or abbreviation) should be written with every major word capitalised (in italics).

For example: Book entitled Infectious Diseases in Obstetrics and Gynecology should be cited as Infectious Diseases in Obstetrics and Gynecology.

Name of Publisher: Name of publisher should be written with every major word capitalised. For example: Cambridge University Press when citing book published by the Cambridge University Press.

Page numbers: pp.first page-last page of the chapter cited or the total number of pages (number+pp) (if any).

For example: The chapter referred to from page 10 to page 20 should be cited as pp.10-20; 10pp if total number of pages of the book are 10.

When citing different and non-continuous pages, list separate page numbers. For example: p.5, p.17, p.20 if referred to pages 5, 17, and 20 of the same article.

DOI: DOI number of the reference (if any).

For example: DOI: 10.1093/humrep/der350.

URL and accessed date (if any): For example: https://www.academia.edu/41115354/Multivariate_Data_Analysis_3rd_Edition, accessed 20 June 2016.

References in languages other than English must be translated into English and indicate the original language in parentheses at the end of a reference.

For example: (in Thai) used for the reference written in Thai, (in Vietnamese) used for the reference written in Vietnamese...

Note:

If references by the same author(s) are in the same year, then the in-text citations need to add a letter after the year. The alphabet order corresponds to their order in the reference list.

For example: (2019a) and (2019b) are used when citing two different articles published in 2019 by the same author(s).

When citing different pages in different references, but having the same book by the same author, in the same year, provide the specific page number.

For example: Wang (1982, p.39) and Wang (1982, p.45) when there are two references citing pages 39 and 45, respectively in the same book written by Wang.

If multiple works published in different years by the same author, list separate citations for each work.

  1. Document/Report of University/Organization/Government

Author(s)/University/Publishing body (Year of publication), Title of Document/Report, page numbers (if any), URL and accessed date (if any) (in its original language if not English).

Note: - Kindly follow the detailed rules on how to write author(s)/university/publishing body, year of publication, page numbers, URL and accessed date as abovementioned for Journal and Book.

- Title of Document/Report should be written with every major word capitalised (in italics).

For example:

          [1] Organisation for Economic Development and Cooperation (2001), OECD Manual: Measuring Productivity: Measurement of Aggregate And Industry-Level Productivity Growth, 156pp, DOI: 10.1787/9789264194519-en.

          [2] Vietnam Government (2023), Resolution No. 82/NQ-CP dated May 18, 2023 on Main Tasks and Solutions to Accelerate Recovery and Accelerate Effective and Sustainable Tourism Development (in Vietnamese).

  1. Thesis and Dissertation

Initial(s) and first/last name of the author(s) (Year of publication), Title of Thesis and Dissertation, page numbers (if any), DOI (if any) (in its original language if not English).

Note: - Kindly follow the detailed rules on how to write author name(s), year of publication, page numbers, DOI, URL and accessed date as abovementioned for Journal and Book.

         - Title of Thesis and Dissertation should be written with every major word capitalised (in italics).

For example:

          [1] B.T.T. Ha (2021), Social Dialogue in Labor Relations at Garment Enterprises in Vietnam, Doctoral Thesis in Economics, Thuongmai University (in Vietnamese).

  1. Article in the Proceedings of the Conference

Initial(s) and first/last name of the author(s) (Year of publication), “Title of article”, Name of Conference/Proceedings, Volume(Number) (if any), page numbers (if any), DOI (if any), URL and accessed date (if any) (in its original language if not English).

Note: - Kindly follow the detailed rules on how to write author names, year of publication, title of article, volume(number), page numbers, DOI, URL and accessed date as abovementioned for Journal and Book.

          - Name of Conference/Proceedings should be written with every major word capitalised (in italics).

For example:

          [1] T.Q. Dung, N.K. Lan (2009), Determination of Size and Fertility of Pollen Grains of Lumnitzera Racemosa Wild. 1803, Scientific Report on Ecology and Biological Resources, The 3rd National Science Conference, pp.1272-1274 (in Vietnamese).

  1. Article on the website and online/electronic resources

Initial(s) and first/last name of the author(s) (Year of publication), “Title of article”, Title of Website/Magazine/Newspaper/Other Electronic Resources (if any), DOI (if any), URL and accessed date (in its original language if not English).

Note: - Kindly follow the detailed rules on how to write author names, year of publication, title of article, DOI, URL and accessed date as abovementioned for Journal and Book.

          - Title of Website/Magazine/Newspaper/Other Electronic Resources should be written with every major word capitalised (in italics).

For example:

          [1] N.T.N. Diep (2022), “The impact of announcing cash dividend payment  information  on  stock  prices  of  Vietnamese  companies  listed on the Ho Chi Minh City stock exchange”, Journal of Banking, https://tapchinganhang.gov.vn/anh-huong-cua-cong-bo-thong-tin-chi-tra-co-tuc-bang-tien-mat-den-gia-co-phieu-cua-cac-cong-ty-viet-n.htm, accessed 14 September 2023 (in Vietnamese).

  1. Post/article without author name and/or publication date on the website

Name of organization (year of publication) (if any), “Title of the post/article”, URL and accessed date (in its original language if not English).

Note: - Kindly follow the detailed rules on how to write name of organization, year of publication, title of article, URL and accessed date as abovementioned for Journal and Book.

          - “Title of the post” should be written with the first letter of the first word capitalised and all subsequent words should be written in lowercase (with the exception of proper nouns and after the colon), and in quotes.

For example:

          [1] Vietnam Association of Seafood Exporters and Producers (2020), “Strategy to develop the seafood industry to achieve  export  turnover  of  20  billion  USD  by  2030”,  https://vasep.com.vn/chu-de-thao-luan-tai-dai-hoi-toan-the-2020/chien-luoc-phat-trien-nganh-thuy-san-dat-kim-ngach-xuat-khau-20-ty-usd-nam-2030-11432.html, accessed 10 July 2022 (in Vietnamese).

          [2] Ministry  of  Finance  (2019),  “Textile  industry  in  the  trend  of  industrial revolution 4.0”, https://mof.gov.vn/webcenter/portal/btcvn/pages_r/l/tin-bo-tai-chinh?dDocName=MOFUCM161546>, accessed 19 September 2023 (in Vietnamese).

  1. Legislation (Case law)

Party names (year), Law report series, URL, accessed date (if any).

Note: - Kindly follow the detailed rules on how to write year, URL, accessed date as abovementioned for Journal and Book.

          - Party names are names of the mentioned parties.

          - Law report series should be written in sentence case.

For example:

          [1] Smith v Heath Services Executive (2018), Case 360, https://www.courts.ie/acc/alfresco/10111491-b200-4d11-b9d5-0e2f81957bb6/2013_IEHC_360_1.pdf/pdf#view=fitH, accessed 10 January 2018.

III. Footnote

Number them consecutively throughout the article. Many word processors can build footnotes into the text, and this feature may be used.  Do not include footnotes in the Reference list.