Factors affecting the extraction of phenolic and flavonoid compounds from Choi moi leaves (Antidesma ghaesembilla)

Abstract

Antidesma ghaesembilla leaves are a potential source of phenolic and flavonoid compounds with bioactive properties. This study aimed to determine the moisture content, secondary metabolite composition, and investigate the effects of solvent-to-material ratio, temperature, and time on total phenolic content (TPC) and total flavonoid content (TFC) in the leaf extracts. Fresh leaves were dried at 50°C for six hours, followed by qualitative analysis of secondary metabolites and evaluation of extraction factors using aqueous solvent. The results showed that the moisture content of dried leaves was 6.68%; the extracts contained phenolics, flavonoids, saponins, alkaloids, terpenoids, and tannins, while coumarins were detected only at low levels. The results of the one-factor-at-a-time experiments showed that a solvent-tomaterial ratio of 60:1 (v/w), an extraction temperature of 70°C, and an extraction time of 90 min yielded the best results within the investigated ranges. The highest TPC and TFC values were 0.82 mg GAE/g dry matter and 1.77 mg QE/g dry matter, respectively. These findings provide a scientific basis for the extraction of bioactive compounds from Antidesma ghaesembilla leaves, with potential applications in food and pharmaceutical industries.